Ultraviolet Radiation (ultra violet radiation)
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It has been established scientifically that ultraviolet
light has germicidal properties. Low-pressure mercury
arc lamps easily produce ultraviolet light. The radiation
of ultraviolet light kills or deactivates pathogens. While
bacteria are killed with relatively low amounts of radiation,
viruses are more resistant to this radiation. Cysts and
worms are unaffected by ultraviolet light radiation.
It must be kept in mind that the efficiency of these low-pressure mercury arc
lamps decreases with age and therefore, these lamps must be replaced annually.
Another factor that reduces the efficiency of these lamps is the color, turbidity
and organic impurities in the water. These also reduce the purity of water to
unsafe levels. Additionally, there are no residual products of radiation and
thus there is no disinfectant effect beyond the treatment period. This is a
major limitation of ultra violet treatment that must be borne in mind.
UV (ultra violet) part of the light from sun has higher frequency
than visible light but lower than the x-rays. Ultra Violet is also used as a
water treatment technique as it is effective disinfectant because of its strong
germicidal (inactivating) ability. Hence, ultra violet disinfects
water containing bacteria and viruses but it does not have any effect on Giardia
lamblia or Cryptosporidium cysts that is also present in water.
Ultra Violet was used as a drinking water disinfectant
in the early 1900s but was given up due to high operating
costs, not very reliable equipment, and the ever increasing
popularity of disinfection of water by chlorination process.
Recently, the safety of chlorination has been questioned
by many people and so ultra violet has again started becoming
a popular method of water
disinfection. The process of ultra violet disinfectant
has recently experienced increased demand from both municipal
and household systems. The number of large scale ultra violet
water treatment plants in Europe is more than 2000. Though,
in the United States there are few such plants but they
slowly but surely are increasing in number owing to the
recent popularity.
To ensure that the amount of chlorine used for disinfection
is less, most municipal systems are nowadays using Ultra
Violet in conjunction with chlorine. This is in an attempt
to reduce the disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that are the
chemicals associated with chlorination. Some studies have
established that few disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes
are linked with increases in certain cancers. While the
main advantage of ultra violet treatment
is that it does not require any chemical input, its major
disadvantage is that ultra violet treatment does not have
any residual disinfection in the water delivery system.
This kind of residual disinfection is available with a chemical
treatment system such as chlorination. Therefore, a secondary
disinfection method, such as chlorine or ozone may be a
requirement for a ultra violet system. This has made a combination
of Ultra Violet and Chlorine a popular choice in recent
times.
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